Moreover, the battery can also be charged during engine braking or directly from the ICE. It has the suitable configuration to charge the battery when there is an available charging station, as well as adding fuel to ICE when electric charge is not charging station, as well as adding fuel to ICE when electric charge is unavailable. The plug-in HEV is one of the most successful implementations of HEV. Thus, different implementations of hybrid vehicles have been developed as an alternative to the full induction of electric vehicles to the roads. Electric vehicles have been introduced, but they still face many challenges, such as limited travel range and lack of existing charging stations infrastructure to accommodate the increase in their numbers. With more stringent laws and policies to reduce CO 2 emissions and mandates to decrease the dependence on fossil fuel resources, automotive manufacturers are developing new technologies and design concepts to meet the new laws and regulations. The desire to reduce carbon emissions due to transportation sources has led over the past decade to the development of new propulsion technologies, including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles. If the measured distance between the two vehicles is less than the safe distance, the ACC sends appropriate signals to the engine or braking system to decelerate the vehicle. In the case of detecting a lead vehicle, the ACC system performs calculations to determine whether the vehicle is still able to travel at a set-speed. In a reasonable driving condition, a vehicle equipped with ACC travels at a driver-set velocity by controlling the throttle, similar to the operation of conventional cruise control. ACC keeps a desired distance from the leading vehicle by adjusting the throttle and/or the brake system automatically. Sensors, such as radar, lidar, or a camera are used to observe the road and inform ACC about the relative distance and speed to the leading vehicle. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is one of the main parts of AVs, which controls the vehicle acceleration based on the driving style. Congestions, fuel consumption, and CO 2 emissions are also expected to be reduced by AVs. They are supposed to bring us more safety, relaxation, and sustainability than traditional vehicles. It is anticipated that companies will have a USD 7 trillion annual revenue stream from the AVs market in 2050. The results show that the driving risk is extremely reduced by using ACC-MPC and ACC-NF, and the vehicle energy consumption by driver assistance system based on ACC-NF is improved by 2.6%.Īutonomous vehicles (AV), i.e., vehicles that are derived by computers, are coming to our roads. The EMS intelligently control the energy consumption based on ACC commands. The performance criteria of the switched MPC toggles between speed and distance control appropriately and its stability is mathematically proven. Our proposed ACC determines the desired acceleration and safe distance with the lead car through a switched model predictive control (MPC) and a neuro-fuzzy (NF) system. This paper presents an intelligent driver assistance system, including adaptive cruise control (ACC) and an energy management system (EMS), for HEVs. AVs and HEVs are combined to take the advantages of each kind to solve the problem of wasting energy. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer practical solutions to use control strategies to cut down fuel usage and emissions. Automotive companies continue to develop integrated safety, sustainability, and reliability features that can help mitigate some of the most common driving risks associated with autonomous vehicles (AVs).
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